fair distribution of income is one of the most important macroeconomic goals of countries. Two different views are presented in relation to the impact of income inequality on economic growth by economic theorists. Many studies have been done in this regard which in some studies income inequality has positive effect on economic growth and others have negative effect. In most studies, the Gini index is used for income inequality which is based on income before tax deduction and forced payment. Since taxes as a tool to improve the income distribution situation, calculation of Gini coefficient based on income after mandatory payment and taxes can create a more accurate picture of income distribution and its consequences. Due to the effect of income redistribution on income inequality, the present study examines the effect of partial redistribution on economic growth by using the Iranian economy during 1978-2018 and using generalized method of moments ( GMM ). The results of the study show that the relative redistribution has significant effect on economic growth. Based on the results, indirect relationship between economic growth and economic growth is confirmed by relative redistribution index. The results of this study show that taxes and deferred payment are the driving force of economic growth. While on the basis of conventional GINI coefficient, income inequality causes an increase in economic growth. Therefore, providing a proper measure of income inequality will result in more accurate understanding of income inequality and codification of policy making in order to equal income.

A common concern of economics profession was always with the determinants of economic growth. Among them, inflation was an important variable. This has significant direct and indirect effects on the economy and, upon many empirical studies, on economic growth. However, two of its most important effects, are inflation uncertainty and relative price dispersion. Hence, these three variables, together, may have a considerable impact on growth. This study is to investigate impacts of inflation, inflation uncertainty and relative price dispersion on Iran's economic growth using a VAR pattern and 1972-2007 annual data. Findings show that the rise of inflation in Iran, has been strongly accompanied by increased uncertainty within four years, and that, inflation and uncertainty has had a negative effect on real private investment growth, thereby on real GDP growth. Also, the most important effect of relative price dispersion is on the inflation in short term.

Identifying the constraining factors of production and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the production constraining factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield and relative yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

Countries can boost economic growth through the use of their creative talents, heritage and cultural industries, and ultimately contribute to the well-being and prosperity of the community. This research seeks to determine whether cultural industries in Iran's provinces have an effect on economic growth. The relative advantage of cultural industries has been calculated using the RCA benchmark. In this research, based on information about regional accounts of 31 provinces of the country, the index of cultural industries of provinces is calculated and the effect of the cultural industries advantage on Iran's economic growth in the form of dynamic integration regression in the period of 1379-1395 and according to published data in 1397 is estimated. The research model is based on generalized moments (GMM). Estimated results based on panel data regression show that in the studied period, the effect of relative advantage of the value added of cultural industries on economic growth is positive and significant.

In experiment 1, the effects of electerical conductivities of irrigation water (ECiws) of 0.5 upto 16 desisimens/meter(dSm-1) on growth indices in seedlings of eight pistachio cultivars (cvs.), (Pistacia vera L., P. mutica) were studied. This experiment was done in the form of split plot based on RCBD. In experiment 1 the source of salt was NaCl. Whereas in experiments 2 and 3 were NaCl+CaCl2+MgCl2, such as the ratios of Na: Ca: Mg in splits 1, 2 and 3 were 5:1:1, 1:5:1 and 1:1:5, respectively. In experiment 2, main plots were ECiws of 0.5 upto 16.5 dSm-1. The same seeds of eight cvs. Which have previously been used in experiment 1 was put in subplots. According to results obtained from experiments 1 and 2, third experiment carried out. ECiws of 0.5 upto 8.5 dSm-1 and also cvs. Badami-riz, Owhadi and Momtaz were selected as main plots and subplots, respectively. In experiment 1, total dry weight (TDW) of seedlings in higher ECiws (up to 8 dSm-1 and more) was reduced, significantly. In experiment 2 where the ratio of Na:Ca:Mg was 5:1:1, in regard to growth characters (e.g. TDW), the results showed significant differences between ECiws. Where dominant salts were CaCl2 and/or MgCl2, the differences were meaningful but with changes in comparison to 5:1:1 ratio. In experiments 1 and 2 Badami-riz was selected as tolerant cv. to salinity whereas Owhadi and Momtaz were moderate sensitive cvs. In experiment 3 while the source of seeds was different, in comparison to previous experiments, salt tolerance in seedlings of cv. Owhadi increased whereas in cv. Badami-riz decreased. With considering the results which obtained from this and the other researches, for selecting of the most resistant and/or tolerant seedlings to salinity, we introduce the different sources of more resistant and/or tolerant genotype (mostly cv. Badami-riz).

The aim of this study was to determine energy requirement for maintenance (MEm) and to estimate the efficiency of energy utilization for gain (kg) using comparative slaughter technique (CST) and relative growth index (RGI: gain/BW0. 75) in growing turkey chicks from one to four kg of live body weight (LBW). Forty male turkey chicks (24 days of age, 800 ± 93 g LBW) were fed a standard diet (12. 3 MJ ME) up to 4 kg of LBW. Apparent metabolizable energy (AME, and AMEn), nutrient digestibility of the diet, and energy balance were determined at two and three kg of BW. In CST, twenty chicks were randomly killed at four stages (five birds at each stage) at 1119 ± 60, 2539 ± 93, 3528 ± 68, 3957 ± 82 g of body weight, and the chemical composition of carcass was measured. Maintenance energy requirement (MEm) and efficiency of energy utilization for gain were determined by linear regression in CST. In RGI, the MEm and energy for growth were estimated by a regression of ME intake on relative daily gain. The results showed that in CST, MEm and efficiency of energy utilization for gain were 450 (kJ/kg BW0. 75/d), and 56% respectively. In RGI, the MEm and energy for growth were 3. 66 (kJ/g BW0. 75/d), and 10. 4 kJ per g gain. In conclusion, the RGI method is recommended to estimate energy requirement for maintenance and growth in growing turkey due to its simplicity.

This study aimed to estimate the energy requirements for maintenance (MEm; kJ/BW0.75) and growth (MEg; kJ/g) in growing fat-tailed Afshari lambs using relative growth index (RGI). The RGI was calculated by dividing metabolic body weight (BW0.75) by average daily gain (ADG; g). Then, the MEm (kJ/BW0.75) and MEg (kJ/g) were extrapolated from the intercept and slope of a linear regression between RGI and me-tabolizable energy intake (MEI) per unit of gain. Forty-five healthy fat-tailed Afshari male lambs (average weight: 29.5±1.8 kg; age: 140±10 days), individually housed, were assigned to one of three feeding levels: ad libitum (ADL, n=15), 80% of ADL (R80, n=15), and 60% of ADL (R60, n=15). Based on the linear relationship between RGI and MEI per g of gain [ME (kJ)=614 RGI (kJ/BW0.75) + 17.4 (kJ/g ADG), R2=0.98, n=45, RMSE=9.65], MEm and MEg were 614 kJ/BW0.75, and 17.4 kJ per g of gain. The feed in-take level significantly influenced the predicted ADG of fat-tailed Afshari lambs based on the CNCPS-S model with larger discrepancies between observed and predicted ADG in the R60 group. In conclusion, this study indicates that the RGI method is a promising and accessible alternative method for estimating the energy needs of growing lambs. The implications of the results lay the groundwork for more refined, breed-specific feeding strategies for stakeholders that could enhance the productivity and sustainability of Afshari sheep farming.

Common yew is one of the most valuable species of Iran that is in threat of extinction, due to having very dense or very open canopy. It is difficult to establish the natural regeneration of common yew in natural stands. In this article the effect of relative illumination on establishing and growth of common yow grafts was studied. Three hundred and sixty grafts were obtained from common yew stand located in Afra-Takteh Gorgan. Cuttings were planted in plastic pots and with the same number of plastic pots, containing three-year old cuttings of common yew, were exposed to light treatments including 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 percent illumination. Data set was analyzed using completely randomized design. Results show that the height growth and percent of surviving in one year old cuttings of common yew exposed to 25 percent illumination were more than other treatments. The difference between height growth in three years old of common yew exposed to 50 percent illumination and other treatment were statistically significant. There was no different between survival percentages in three-years old grafts of common yew exposed to different treatments of illumination.